Ideologies+and+Upheavals



Where the four allies of the Quadruple alliance met to assist in minor ways by a host of delegates from the smaller European states. Also they agreed to raise the number of formidable barriers against renewed French aggression.
 * Congress of Vienna**:

liberalism: an ideology that supports freedom (speech, press, etc.) and equality. Liberalism became an issue after the American and French revolutions; some (Metternich, Czar Alexander I) did not approve, wanting to keep the systems that were already in place. Others supported it completely.

laissez faire: The economic theory in which it is stated that it is better to leave business alone than to regulate it extensively.

nationalism: Pride in the creativity and genius of one's own country. Usually leads to a superiority complex, creating enemies.

socialism: More balanced economic system. The poor are the ones doing the work, and as such they should get an equal portion of the profits.

Romanticism: a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment. It involved a much more expressive, emotional, and spontaneous form of expression that looked to nature as the source of spirituality. Romanticism also involved an interest in humanity and history.

Sturm und Drang: translates into storm and stress and it was phrase that some romantisists lived by.

Corn Laws, 1815- the laws were trade barriers used to protect englands economy from less expensive foreign imports. They enhanced profits and political power. The selfish aristocrats did not like that they were losing profit, so they forced Parliament to changed the laws. Now, grain could only be imported if the price rose to an unreasonably high and unrealistic amount. This hurt the already war-torn economy, causing distress and rebellion from the common people.

Great Famines

Holy Alliance- alliance between russia, prussia, and austria, on the advice and leadership of metternich, formed to crush liberal revolutions and defend monarchies and authoritarina regimes all over europe.


 * Carlsbad **** Decrees, 1818 - ** Metternich's decrees stating that all 38 German states must censor the universities and newspapers from liberal ideas to prevent them from spreading. Additionally, a secret police (analogous to hermendades of the Spanish Inquisition) were paid by the government to investigate and punish those participating in liberal organizations. These actions kept the liberal ideologies from spreading throughout the German provinces.


 * parasites:** The court, aristocracy, lawyers and churchmen (according to Saint-Simon)


 * doers:** The leading scientists, engineers, and industrialists. (according to Saint-Simon)


 * bourgeoisie:** The middle class. Marx felt society was split between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. He believed that the proletariat would inevitably conquer the bourgeoisie in a revolution because of their growth in size and class consciousness.


 * proletariat: ** The lower, working classes of early modern society.


 * Battle of Peterloo:** Revolt put down in England on August 1819. It was the working class vs. parliament and their army. It happened in the town of Peters, so the working class called it the battle of Peterloo to show the opposite of Nationalism, opposed to the battle of Waterloo where England had a great victory over the Frenchies. Revolt was a response to the Six Acts (which outlawed protesting and the right to assembly).


 * Dual revolution:** Economic and political changes that occur at the same time. Started in 1815 (after French Revolution), before the revolutions were separate and proceeded at different paces. After 1815 these changes would reinforce each other, thus giving some radical results.


 * Conservatism-** A political and social philosophy that supports gradual change in society. Seeks to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity along with tradition. Favored aristocracy and monarch over destructive chaos representative government would lead to.


 * Klemens von Metternich-** Conservative, internationally-orientated aristocrat who made a brillant diplomatic career as Austrian foreign minister from 1809-1848. Always remained loyal to his class and defended its rights and priviledges. Did so with a clear conscience. He believed that liberalism had been responsible for a generation of destructive war in France. He blamed liberal middle-class revolutionaries for stirring up the lower classes, which he believed desired nothing more that peace and quiet. The idea of national self-determination was repellant to him. It not only threatened the supremacy of the aristocracy but also threatened to destroy the Austrian Empire and revolutionize Europe.


 * German Confederation (Bund)- **Parts of Prussia, Austria and other small Germanic states in between. It was a whole bunch of small states and was too vast to unify together for many centuries. Prussia tryed to unify as one nation in 1848, but was repelled from doing so, as that would offset the balence of power.

Concert of Europe- The **Concert of Europe** was a group ofCountries in Europe who worked together and agreed on things (also known as an "Alliancee") between 1814 and 1914.The member countries were the Untied Kindom, Austria, Russia and Prussia. Afte rNapoleon was no longer in power, France joined the Concert of Europe.


 * Quadruple Alliance-** It consisted of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain. They met at the Congress of Vienna to reaffirm the European order and to hold France in line. They decided how they would set up Prussia as sentinel, so France could not show excessive agression like Napolean had just done. Motivated by self interest and traditional ideas about the balance of power.

Congress System- Members of the Quadruple of Alliance and, in time, France which worked towards preventing another war like the Napoleonic Wars by providing a balance of power. It also worked towards turning Europe into what it was before the French Revolution. The Congress System was effective in providing a balance of power up until World War I.

Tories- a selfish, aristocratic political party. They strove to maintain their positions in government through unfair means, and not allowing the new middle class to have any say in government.

Decembrist Uprising, 1825

Classical liberalism- is the philosiphy commited to the ideal of limited government, constitutionalism, and liberty of the individual including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and free markets.

David Ricardo, “iron law of wages”- Wages will always reach a certain minimum level. They will go no higher because competition drives it down to this price, but they can go no lower because a minimum salary is required to survive. Believe it or not, dead workers do not do much good.

John Stuart Mill, //On Liberty// (1859)

Greek Revolution-Greece had been controlled by the Ottoman Empire for generations, but had held on to their culture. When the Greeks revolted, they expected the English, French, Russian, and Austrian nations to aid them. However, Metternich did not approve of rebellion in any situation. The citizens of those countries greatly admired the Greek culture, and wanted to help them. Many Romantics were inspired by the struggle. Finally, the French and Russian citizens forced their governments to intervene. They demanded that the Turks accept an armistice. When they refused, the navies attacked. The Greeks were finally independent, but the allies placed a German prince on the throne, eliminating true freedom.

Revolutions of 1830- The movement started in, prompted by Cgarkes Xpublication on July 26 of four ordinances dissolving the Chamber of Deputies, suspending Freedom of Press, modifying the electoral laws so that three-fourths of the electorate lost their votes, and calling for new elections to the Chamber in September

Louis Philippe, “Bourgeoisie King” : His monarchy was characterized by inaction. He lacked passing social legislation and his politics were corrupt, with mostly himself in mind.


 * Guiseppe Mazzini**

Whigs political party in Great Britain that was made up of wealthy land owners. differed from the tories because it generally sided with the peasants and working classes in britain and passed laws that favored a more liberal government and open society.

Reform Bill of 1832-House of Commons became the all-important legislative body of the British government. The bill also gave representation to the new industrial areas in the Commons and most of the electoral districts that were bought and sold for votes were eliminated. The king threatened to ruin the House of Lords good ole boys club so they accepted the bill. The bill gave 12% of adult males the right to vote in Britain and Ireland so middle class urban population and farmers got the vote. This released some of the pressure that was building.

Factory Act of 1833-limited factory workday for children 9-13 years old to 8 hours and teenagers 14-18 years old to 12 hours. However, no limit for children working at home in cottage industry or in small businesses. The act also required factory owners to establish elementary schools for children under nine. This caused the employment of children to rapidly decrease, causing whole families to stop working together because all workers were to have standardized shifts to ensure efficiency and productivity. The Factory Act of 1833 was the greatest early accomplishment for people like Robert Owen who argued for more humane working standards.

Mines Act, 1842-prohibited underground work for all women and boys under the age of 10 years old. Although this upset some women who were now out of a well paying job, the majority were happy to never return to the pits' brutal working conditions again. Middle-class men were pleased that their daughters and wives were no longer shirt-lessly dragging carts and could now pursue more ladylike activities. Girls and boys no longer worked in close quarters with little clothing and supervision; consequently, the act also aided older people's effort to control the sexuality of working-class youths.

Chartists- Led by William Lovett, part of the Chatist Movement made of chiefly of the working class in England that demanded better benefits for themselves and to fix the unresolved problems made by the Reform Act of 1832

Anti-Corn Law League- The aim of the league was the abolition of the Corn Laws, achieved in 1846, after which the league challenged protectionist practices in the United Kingdom. The aim was to establish a fully free-trade economy and thus decrease the price of basic food products


 * Revolutions of 1848:**


 * Second **** French Republic **

“June Days” Revolution: The second revolution in France. It was three days where in an attempt to create a socialist society a mass of desperate working men rose up and fought in a class war. After the three days, thousands were left dead, and the republican armies were standing victor over the revolt. This meant that the whole revolt had of course, been an utter failure.

Frederick William IV

Immanuel Kant eighteenth century prussian philosopher. stressed importance of freedom of the press and lous critic of censorship.

William Wordsworth: Leader in English romanticism. He believed poetry was the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected by tranquility." Both him and Taylor Coleridge published //Lyrical Ballads,// which abandoned a flowery style for ordinary speech and simple subjects.

Lord Byron-a Romantic author. He acted on his beliefs and enlisted in order to aid the Greeks in their revolt. He wrote about his experiences, and died in battle.

Grimm’s Fairytales-Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, famously known as the Grimm Brothers were extremely successful in Germany for rescuing fairy tales from total distasta in the early 1800's. After seeing the people's positive reactions to their collection of stories in //Grimm's Fairy Tales//, the brothers made the stories short, sweet, and moral. Their rescued stories include "Hansel and Gretel," "Rapunzel," and "The Frog Prince."


 * Victor Hugo-** French Romantic author who wrote amazing books and poetry. Before he became a writer, he had been a conservative. However, as he began to write, he began to feel that liberty in writing is analogous to freedom in life. His works include //Les Miserables// and //The Hunchback of Notre Dame.//


 * Ludwig van Beethoven**- Applied romanticism to music. Became one of the best known and greatest Classical composers. Composed Fur Elise, Moonlight Sonata and various other songs. Deaf near the end of his life... Poor guy.

Peter Tchaikovsky- Another musical bloke. Famous for several works of romanticism including the famous Nutcracker.

Henry de Saint-Simon-he believed the key to proper social organization is that the parasites(court, aristocracy, lawyers, and churchmen) must give away the power to the doers (to leading scientists, engineers, and industrialists), these people then will take over and run the economy

Louis Blanc- wrote "organization of work"-he urged workers to agitate for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully, and also he wanted the government to guarantee full employment

Pierre Joseph Proudhon- he wrote "What is Property"-he believed that property was profit that was stolen from the worker.


 * Karl Marx-** Penned the "Bible of Communism", the Communist Manifesto (1848), with Freddy Engels. Unlike most of his peers, Marx did not believe that the upper classes would ever aid the less fortunate. He believed that the only way for the conditions to change would be an immediate bloody revolt against the government, allowing the industrialists to take control and improve the situation


 * Friedrich Engels-**he helped Karl Marx while he was writing his book the Communist Manifesto

dialectical materialism- is the philosophical expression of Marxism and Marxism-Lenninism. Dialectical materialism holds that the world, including human beings, is "matter in motion" and that progress occurs through struggle.