Imperialism


 * “Old Imperialism”-** taking over essential ports and cities to use for trading, not the entire nation. Refers to European expansion in 17th century to late 19th century that was motivated by "gold, glory, and god." Gold referring to the wealth obtained from the new colonies, glory meaning the national prestige gained from victories and acquiring land, and god being the desire of missionaries to spread christianity throughout the new world. The ideals of mercantilism drove old imperialism.


 * “New Imperialism”-** New imperialism was the process of taking over an entire country, including its people, economy and politics instead of taking over a simple port city, as old imperialism did. The causes of new imperialism include the increase in technology and military superiority; the technology and military strength made nations want to go and use their advances such as the machine gun to conquer Africa and Asia. Political/diplomatic reasons pushed nations to conquer weaker people to show their strength and to avoid falling behind others. Economic worries about markets being closed by high tariffs and the possibilities of raw materials and new markets also caused countries to adapt new imperialism. Nations engaged in new imperialism because Social Darwinism proved that the "strong" should conquer "inferior" races or the "weak." The interests of special groups such as merchants desiring more business, white settlers wanting more land and security, and missionaries wanting to promote religion among the natives. Lastly, new imperialism was also caused by governments' desire to divert attention from domestic issues and increase nationalism through land gains.


 * DR. David Livingston-** I presume... he was a man that went to live with the natives in Africa. He got to know them personally and formed a strong relationship. Then an expedition went out looking for him, and they found him to be the only living white guy living in that area. Dr. Livingston was one of the first people to explore the inland area of Africa.
 * H.M Stanley-** Was a journalist and part time explorer sent to the Congo Basin by Leopold II of Belgium. He was able to establish trading stations, sign treaties ( not really treaties, manipulative tools) with African chiefs and plant the belgium flag and essentially take over the Congo basin area in central Africa.


 * Social Darwinism (how it fits in this chapter)-** Social Darwinism fits into this chapter because it was used as a fuel for imperialism. Many imperial leaders and the citizens of their countries believed that they were the best race around so it should be their duty to help the primitive under industrialized countries. this ideal led to the white mans burden, the justification for imperialistic takeovers. They also did this on account of various European nationalities believing in the fact that they were the most superior European race so, in turn, they needed to prove this by conquering vast territories to prove that they were the strongest. Take the case of Cecil Rhodes believing the Anglo-Saxon race being the best which spurred on people to believe that it was a necessity to go conquer distant territories.


 * “What Man’s Burden”-** the justification for imperialism; the idea that it was the white man's duty to educate and civilize the inferior races of Africa. Missionaries and other humanitarians were really the only ones who felt this burden; most were more interested in exploiting the natives for economic gains.


 * Rudyard Kipling- suggested that it was necessary to civilize the non whites gained in takeovers during the age of imperialism. Provided one more reason for imperialism within major powers. He suggested that the Europeans could protect from tribal warfare and exploitation. In one of his poems he coined the phrase "the white man's burden." Critics of the new imperialism called Kipling and his contemporaries cruel and brutal for using the excuse of "civilizing" other nations to conquer them and rule them as dictatorships.**


 * “Scramble for Africa”-** By 1880 only 10% of Africa was claimed. Algeria (French), South Africa Boers/Africans (dutch/British), Zulu Tribe. There were very few trading ports which was mainly for the sale of slaves. Liberia and Ethiopia remand free from all the countries because the US government had protected them. Nations wanted to increase wealth and prestige, so they clamored to gain territories in Africa. The Europeans were pushed further by one another's jealousy and constant fear that another country would gain the upper hand. Represented the epitome of new imperialism because the whole continent was taken over and split up by the European powers.


 * Belgian Congo- The area of Africa conquered by Belgium in the late 1800's. Made up most of the congo river valley. Present day Democraic Republic of the Congo. It was the first territory to be claimed before the Berlin Conference, and Bismark allowed Belgium to keep it.**


 * Leopold II-** Was the ruler of Belgium, who wanted distant territories. By 1876 he was focused on conquering central Africa. He formed a financial syndicated under his personal control to send Henry M. Stanley to the Congo Basin to establish trading centers for Belgium. This alarmed France who sent Pierre de Brazza to establish ports. This is one of the first main signs of the paranoia of the European countries


 * Egypt, protectorate-Britain took Egypt "under their wing" because of all the debt created by Muhammed Ali. So Great Britain was "protecting" Egypt. they helped modernize but the Egyptians began to resent them because they controlled them. the protectorate then removed Muhammed Ali as the leader.**


 * Berlin Conference 1884-1885-**called by Bismarck to determine a set of rules for dividing Africa. They determined that Belgium was allowed to keep their new territory, but from that point on, there must be a real presence of a country for them to claim that land. Also, they must all make a significant effort to end the slave trade. The conference showed the power that Germany had attained. Bismark said "Come" and all the major powers did. When he set down the rules, the other countries listened. This is the sort of international prestige that the European powers had to lose if they did not get involved in imperialism.


 * Battle of Omdurman- showed the superiority of Britain over Sudan, as they won the battle AND slaughtered over 11,000 Muslim troops that fought with archaic weaponry while the British used the newly invented machine gun which showed just how far the gap was between the European countries and the unindustrialized ones. It led to British control of Sudan, as well. Yay Britain.**


 * Fashoda Incident- was one of the biggest disputes of imperial territories. The French had the stop of the Nile and the British had the rest. both were unwilling to give up what they had already conquered. they were on the verge of a war, but because of the Dreyfus affair and not willing to fight, France backed down and withdrew its forces allowing the British to take over. Showed how the Europeans were willing to fight against the "inferior" peoples of Africa, but stopped short of a major European war.**


 * Cecil Rhodes-**He pushed British into South central Africa. Also know as Northern and Southern Rhodesia. A strong supporter of imperialism, saying that it increased wealth and prestige. He developed rich gold mines and united the old Cape Colony. He felt that it was good for the natives to become more like England, and that the U.S. should not have broken away. He was strongly convinced that the British were the highest form of human life, and he wanted to spread their superiority over the globe through imperialism. He had a few ideas to do this including creating a secret society to implant pro-British leaders in foreign governments.


 * Cape Colony- The colony that the British wrested control of from the Afrikaners (or Boers) in the Boer War. Present day Union of South Africa.**


 * Boer War- The war fought between 1899-1902 by the British and the original Dutch settlers of the Cape Colony called the Afrikaners. resulted in a major defeat for the Afrikaners and started British domination of all of south Africa.**

** Ethiopia ** -One of two countries in Africa that resisted European control (along with U.S.-backed Liberia).They were able to defeat the Italians and the French in battle to keep them out. The only African nation that was able to do that alone.

**Opium Wars**- Fighting between China and Britain in the 1840's and 1850's because Britain was smuggling in opium through merchants in Canton and the Chinese government wanted to stop it. Qing government prosecuted Chinese drug dealers and sent Lin Tse-hsu to enforce the anti-opium laws. As a result, the British merchants were kicked out so the British-Indian troops occupied coastal cities. England forced China to surrender, and issued the **Treaty of Nanking** in 1842**.**

**Treaty of Nanking**- Treaty between Britain and China that brought an end to the Opium Wars. China was forced to pay Britain $100 million, open four cities to foreign trade with low protective tariffs, and cede control of Hong Kong to Britain. After the treaty, the opium trade increased and Hong Kong turned into a British-Chinese hub. The treaty also increased anti-foreign ideas in China which resulted in another series of attacks from 1856 to 1860 which resulted in more Chinese loses. The treaty was successful in aquiring the British's main goalL opening up China for trade.


 * “spheres of influence” - ** An area or region in which a dominant state has significant cultural, economic, military, or political control and influence. Many European countries tried to spread these as far as possible and also in as many places possible; the more they controlled others, the more they could control Europe.


 * British East India Company-** they conquered the last independent native state by 1848. the last "traditional" response to European rule --the attempt by the established ruling class to drive the white man out by military force-- was broken in India in 1857 and 1858. Those were the years know and the __Great Rebellion,__ Britain then ruled India directly.


 * Boxer Rebellion-** During the hundred days of reform in China, "modernizers" tried to catch up with the Western World by installing Western institutions. Contrary to this, "traditionalists" turned toward ancient practices, political conservatism, and fanatical hatred of foreigners. The traditionalists did not like missionaries because they thought that they were invading on their ancestor's beliefs so it caused the secret society, Boxers, to rebel. Thousands were killed as Chinese spread their anti-foreign terrorism through massacres of foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians. This showed the anger and hatred the Chinese had towards invading foreign nations. The rebellion was crushed by foreign powers and the dynasty in China fell into oblivion.


 * Russo-Japanese War-** both Russia and Japan wished to have an influence in Korea, and were willing to fight for it. Japan proved that a non-western nation could effectively use imperialism and Russia was completely defeated. Japan became an example for non-Western countries in their adaptation of Western ideas and progress.


 * J.A. Hobson-** a critic of imperialism; he claimed that the economic benefits of colonies and imperialism were nonexistent. He also dismissed the idea that Britain had been living in a time of peace, because England had been warring with "lesser" races as they took over their countries.