Industrial+Revolution


 * Industrial Revolution- ** a revolution of industry. // ...Very Insightful! // Burst of major inventions and technical changes in certain industries. During this time the progress in technology and industrial development had been almost continuous since the revolution had began. The development began in England due to energy pressures, increase in population, and a dependence on trade.


 * spinning jenny- ** Invented by James Hargreaves in 1765, it is large wooden frame with a manuel crank to spin eventually up to 100 spools of thread at a time. As the first invention of the Industrial Revolution, the spinning jenny caused a massive increase in the prodution of thread, which lead to an increase in textile production, which was the first industry to be industrialized.


 * water frame- ** invented by Richard Arkwright in 1765, it was a huge frame for spinning thousands of spools of thread at a time. it was so big it needed thousands of workers and a water source for power. The water frame was not precise enough to spin fine thread, only corse, but its invention marked the beginning of the factory age.


 * body linen-** Undergarments. In early time, only the rich could afford these. Once food became less expensive and cotton clothes became cheaper, the average man was able to purchase them, which provided much-increased comfort. Showed the increase in the purchasing power of the average man, as well as one of the benefits of mass production on society.


 * steam engine- ** one of the most important inventions of the Industrial Revolution; it allowed for better travel, making it possible to expand their markets to the rest of the country. Great Britain did all they could to try and protect the idea of the steam engine, due to the fact that it helped their economy grow at a rapid pace.


 * coke- ** Energy source made from distilled coal. Used to refine pig iron and other metals.


 * Rocket- ** The first steam engine. Created by George Stephen in 1825. Traveled from Liverpool to Manchester. It was a marvel, although it did not go fast by today's standards. People were awed by its "speed", an astonishing and thoroughly earthshattering 16 mph!

** Crystal **** Palace- ** a revolutionary marvel that showcased how the previously expensive and scarce glass and iron had now become cheap. Built for The Great Exhibition, it was the showcase of the industrial fair.


 * iron law of wages- ** Transcribed by David Ricardo. Stated that wages would always be at a barely-sustainable (sustinence) level because of the nature of population growth and food supplies... Population growth would always limit wage increases and fooood supplies.Because of this rather dismal view of the world, economics were dubbed the "Dismal Science".
 * economic nationalism- keeping production within the country. The opposite of a global market. Tariffs and other restrictions are used to prevent movement of goods and to ensure that the national economy is self-sustaining. **


 * tariff protection- ** designed to keep the cheap British goods from flooding the already suffering French markets. Made it more expensive to buy the goods from other nations, helping to promote economic nationalism.


 * class-consciousness - ** The idea that individuals believed they existed within a certain group, the sense of belonging to a group. There was an awareness of the gap between classes. The idea of class-consciousness was brought about because of the new working class.


 * Luddites- ** They were against that changes presented during the industrial revolution. They were a social group of artisans that would go around to factories destroying textile machinery and other new inventions because they believed the revolution was leaving them without work and changing their life.
 * Factory Act of 1833- ** This was an attempt to establish a normal working day for the textile industry. It offered ideas on restricitons of working lengths for different ages. It limited the workday of children from 9 to 13 to eight hours, and the workday of children from age 14-18 to twelve hours. Children under 9 were required to be enrolled in elementary schools. This caused the employment of children to drop.


 * Mines Act of 1842- ** banned all females as well as boys under the age of 10 from working in mines. Many female miners approved of this because it allowed them to spend more time working in the home. Women who needed to work in the mines for a living opposed this, since it payed a higher wage than most jobs open to women at the time.


 * Combination Acts- ** passed by British Parliament in 1799 to outlaw unions and strikes. Due to the increased support of economic freedom in the late 1700's and early 1800's, governments such as France and Britain's attacked monopolies, guilds, and workers combinations for individual liberty. These acts, and other measures, caused skilled artisans to realize that capitalists were ignoring common work rules and lowering wages by hiring women and children. This caused bitterness and the Combination Acts were thus ignored by most workers who formed unions to improve their jobs' conditions.


 * Grand National Consolidated Trades Union- ** organized by Robert Owen in 1834 and became one of the largest and most visionary of the early national unions. It was formed with Owen's combination of firm discipline with health, safety, and work hours concerns. However, it collapsed and led the British labor movement to focus on craft unions.


 * James Watt- worked with steam engines. Found they would be incredibly more productive with the use of a separate condenser, reducing power waste and resulting in tremendous benefits for industry. Additionally, named the horsepower unit. **


 * Zollverein- ** formation of customs union. allowed goods to move between German states with a tariff. They could work together and share resources. this helped the spread of the industrial rev.


 * Friedich Engels- ** wrote "The Condition of the Working Class in England. It talked about how the large populated city affected society and how people were becoming more self centered. said the new poverty of the industrial workers was worse than the poverty of the cottage and agricultural workers- blamed industrial capitalism(relentless competition and constant technical change)