The+French+Revolution

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXsZbkt0yqo&feature=channel_video_title Best song ever! French Revolution song; you will never think of Lady Gaga the same way again :)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOki3qAZe4g Napoleon song--not quite as awesome as the Revolution song, but still good :)

This is the power point that "goes" with your chapter 21. It might be a god idea to print this off and add notes to it as you read, or just use it as an extra resource/guide as to what you should know.




 * Louis XV-** was a Bourbon monarch that ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1715 until his death in 1774. He gained the throne at the age of 5 and his reagent was the duke of Orleans until 1723. Cardinal de Fluery was his chief minister. When he first became king he was known as the 'beloved' and then later he got the reputation of one of the most unpopular kings in France's history because of the loss of several areas.


 * Madame de Pomadour - ** The m istress of Louis XV and a member of the French court. Recognized as an impure influence on the king.


 * // Parlement- // ** French version of the English Parliament, but with much less power. The French Parlements were many distinct groups of rulers who collaborated on the king's rulings. The most powerful of these was the Parlement of Paris. It was this Parlement that called for the Assembly of Notables and the Estates General.


 * René de Maupeou - A ** ppointed by Louis XV in 1768 and named chancellor. Goal was to end judicial opposition to the Parlement of Paris. Began to reform France along with Louis. Abolished the old parliament and created a new one (the "Maupeou Parliament"). Began to tax all French citizens. May have been more successful if Louis XV had not died.


 * Louis XVI - The King of France that ruled between 1774-1792 and due to poor administrative skills to counter France's debt caused by involvement with the American Revolution and with the ideas of the American Revolution spiralling in the French minds itself, he was made into a constitutional monarch and then executed in 1793. He succeeded in allowing the French people to abolish absolute monarchy in France and aid in the set up of a massive political revolution that reverbrated around the world. **


 * Marie Antoinette- ** The hated queen of France and wife of Louis XVI; she was thought to be immoral and frivolous. In reality, she was no worse than any other women of the royal court; she was a victim of circumstance. For the record, she probably did NOT say "Let them eat cake!"


 * First Estate- ** 100,000 members of clergy, owned 10% of land, and controlled 20% of land. They didn't have to pay taxes, but if they chose to, they paid a "gift" to government every five years. They could levy tax on landowners but most of their income went to church hierarchy which upset parish priests a bit. Often ganged up on Third Estate with the Second Estate, causing the Third Estate members to complain a great deal.


 * Gallican Church- ** The Gallican church was the catholic church of france from 1682 to 1790. Gallicanism was the doctrine that the power of monarchs is independent of the power of the popes, and that the church of each country should be under the joint control of the pope and the monarch.


 * Second Estate- ** 400,000 noblemen and women, owned 25% of land, lightly taxed by government. Enjoyed manorial rights such as ability to tax peasants, hunting rights, village monopolies on bread and grapes for wine, fees for justice, etc. Also had honorific privileges like right to wear sword which proclaimed the nobility's high social status and legal superiority.


 * Third Estate- ** "everyone else," made up of few commoners such as well educated merchants and lawyers. More commoners were urban artisans and unskilled day laborers. The majority, however, were peasants and agricultural workers from the country. Made up of a variety of social groups tied together by legal status. Often kicked out of decision-making parties by mean older brothers, the First and Second Estates.


 * bourgeoisie: ** Generally, the middle class. A part of the third estate. Grew rapidly in the 18th century to about 8% of the population. Because of laws restraining the economy and closing ranks against middle-class needs and aspirations, they lead a revolution that included the entire third estate. This eventually created new capitalist order in France based on individualism and a market economy.

=**// corvée - //** In france the corvee existed until August 4, 1789, shortly after the beginning of the french revolution, when it was abolished with a number of other feudal privilages of the french landlords. It was mainly used for the improvement of french roads and was one of the causes of the revolution. = =**// Lettre de cachet - //** These were letters signed directly by the king of France, countersigned by one of his ministers and closed with the royal seal or cachet. These letters usually contained direct orders from the king, often to inforce actions that could not be appealed. = =**// ancien regime - //** this refers to the aristocratic, political and social sysytem established in France from the 15th to the 18th century when the french revolution brought this system to an end. = =** Jacques Necker ** - He was a french statesmen from switzerland and the finance minister of louis XVI until the french revolution. =


 * Assembly of Notables:** Primarily made up of important noblemen and high-ranking clergy. Louis XVI's minister of finance imposed a general tax on all landed property and formed provincial assemblies to administer the tax. He convinced Louis XVI to call the assembly of notables to support the idea, but they were not in favor and demanded that control over all government spending be given to the provincial assemblies in exchange for their support. The government refused and the notables said the taxes needed to be approved by the Estates General. He dismissed the notables and enacted the tax in an attempt to reassert his power. When the French public protested in July 1788, he called for a meeting of the Estates General.


 * Estates General:** A French representative body of the three estates that had not met since 1614. During 1788 and 1789 each estate drafted petitions for change and elected delegates for the assembly. Voting was to be done, but the representatives of the third estate were the prosperous middle class. Most were in agreement to create a constitutional monarchy, guarantee individual liberties by law, improve the economic position of the clergy, and create economic reforms. The Estate General of 1614 sat as three separate houses and at least two branches had to agree to do an action (this essentially guaranteed rule by nobility and clergy).. The Parliament of Paris ruled the Estates General should sit separately, but the middle-class demanded a single assembly. In May 1789 the 1,200 delegates of the three estates were in dead-lock. Then a few parish priests began to go to the third estates' side, which eventually led to the formation of the National Assembly.


 * // cahiers de doléances - //** the list of greivances that were drawn up by each of the three estates. They were ordered by king louis XVI in march and april of 1789, and they were ordered for each of the 3 estates to have the chance to express their hopes and grievances directly to the king.


 * Abbé Sieyés, //What is the Third Estate?// ** Written in 1789by Emmanuel Joseph Siyes, it argued that the tiny fraction of nobility was a minority and the thrid estate was the true strength of the nation of France.


 * “Age of Montesquieu”- the time of the constitutional monarchy in France from 1789-1792. Began with the beginning of the Revolution until the execution of the king and queen and the beginning of the Republic of France.**


 * National Assembly-** June 17, 1789. Some parish priests began to go over to the third estate. Third estate and others then voted to call themselves the "National Assembly"


 * Tennis Court Oath-** June 20, 1789. The representatives of the 3rd estate (with a few sympathetic priests) vow not to disband the National Assembly until they have drafted a new constitution


 * storming of the Bastille-**upset people of Paris believed that they should have steady work and bread at reasonable prices, two things which were difficult to find. So when they heard the king's army was going to attack Paris, crowds of now angrier people formed and gathered arms to defend the city. Hundreds marched to Bastille demanding weapons but the governor refused and ordered fire. The crowd broke down main gate and captured Paris. This loss caused the king to recall his finance minister and disperse army. By breaking up the army, the National Assembly was saved.

“**Great Fear”-** A spontaneous eruption of violence by the peasants; they killed anyone with money in an effort to promote change. Caused some nobles to flee France. Resulted in the end of manorial rights for nobles and granted the peasants freedoms and rights which they fought to keep the rest of the revolution.


 * // Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen- //** Prepared and proposed by Lafayette. Defines the individual and collective rights of all the estates as universal. Establishes fundamental rights for French citizens and all men without exception. written as a prelim for a constitution. Was structured close to the American Declaration of Independence (Layfayette's influence).


 * Olympe de Gouges, //The Rights of Woman-// ** She was a french playwrite and political activist who wrote the rights of woman in 1791. In the rights of woman Gouges challenged the practice of male equality. She was executed by the guillotine during the reign of terror for attacking the ideals of ropespierre and for being in cahoots with the girondists.


 * Mary Wollstonecraft, **** //Vindication of the// // Rights of Women- //** Wollstonecraft originally wrote //Vindication of the Rights of Man// in contrast to //Reflections on the Revolution in France,// claiming that freedom is of the utmost importance. Later, she writes //Vindication of the Rights of Women// to promote women's rights. Her main argument was that if women would become educated, they could become better wives and mothers and raise "high minded sons" that would pass on the ideals of liberty.


 * Madame de Stael- **


 * Women’s march to Versailles- ** after the nobles flee the city, the women have less income and cannot feed their families. Along with members of the National Assembly, the women march to Versailles in search of Queen Marie Antoinette, the hated queen. Their goal was to kill her in protest to the high prices of bread, but the Assembly intervened in order save the unfortunate queen's life. They demanded that the royal family relocate to Paris in order to make them more approachable and less distant. The royal family became virtual prisoners, and their attempted escape ends up causing their executions.


 * Jean-Paul Marat-** Best known for his career in fance as a radical journalist and politician during the french revolution, he was a vigorous offended of the sans-culottes and he broadcasted his views throughout france by public speaking and an abundance of different pieces of writing.


 * Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790**


 * “refactory clergy’:**


 * 83 Departments- the 83 regions france was divided into when the national assembly redrew the regional borders based on population so as to allow equal representation**


 * // assignat- //** after disposing of the church's lands, the French used them for collateral to print money.


 * Flight to Varennes- the king and queen's attempted flight out of France which ended in their house arrest in Paris. Not the smartest idea because the government could now threaten them with handing them over to the mob of angry Parisians if the monarchs did not comply to their wishes. **


 * Edmund Burke, //Reflections on the Revolution// // in Franc- //** Burk claims that the French Revolution would end up being a waste of time that would cause the treasonous revolutionaries to be hanged for their crimes, and would lead to chaos and tyranny.


 * Thomas Paine, //Rights of Man-Part 1 was created in 1791 and Part II was created in 1792. It urged political rights for all men because of their natural equality in the sight of God. It condemned all forms of hereditary government in Britain because it was based on force. The second part was much more radical, he argued that for a whole program of social legislation to deal with the conditions of the poor. After this became popular Paine was forced to leave Britain in September 1792. He was condemned and declared an outlaw.// **


 * Legislative Assembly-The French governing body that was created after the National Assembly was dissolved so as to appeal to popular opinion. It was headed by more radical, less cautious, and younger Frenchmen that threw France into a costly and nearly fatal war with the Declaration of Pillnitz.**


 * Jacobins- the** group of politicians who took over when the Legislative Assembly was established. All were high middle class status.


 * Girondins:**


 * Declaration of Pillnitz- dipomatic declaration by the Prussian and Austrian goverments threatening to invade France if the king was further abbused or mistreated based on the generally accepted view of how kings could be treated, which the French revolutionaries were not adhering to.**

- in 1800 and 1802 Napoleon allowed 100,000 emigres back into France if they would take an oath of loyalty. These emigres were royalist members of the old nobility who tried to stop the revolution. Because of this, the emigres were afraid to return to France because they believed they would be arrested and sent to...THE GUILLOTINE! So when Napolean gave them a clean slate they came back and took high posts in government. This, obviously, delighted the old nobility who did not have to take the same trip as Louis XVl and Robespierre.
 * Émigrés-**


 * War of the First Coalition- A war that nearly destroyed France and lasted between 1793-1797 and was caused by European powers trying to reverse the outcome of the revolution and restore the French monarchy. The force of the First Coalition were Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, Sardinia, and the Netherlands.**


 * Brunswick Manifesto- A declaration by the Duke of Brunswick stating that the intent of the Austrians and Prussians were to restore the French king to his full powers and to treat any person or town who opposed them as rebels to be condemned to death by martial law.**


 * storming of the Tuleries- Where a group of Parisians backed by the Paris Commune besieged the royal palace of Tuleries although the king and his family then took shelter with the Legislative Assembly.**


 * Paris Commune- The government of Paris from 1789 to 1795 that became insurrectionary in 1792**


 * Georges-Jacques Danton**


 * September Massacres-**

“**Age of Rousseau”- The Republic of France from 1792-1799. It started with the execution of the monarchs and the establishment of the republic and ended when Napoleon took power in 1799.**


 * National Convention:** The Legislative Assembly called for the election of a new National Convention after the suspension of the king's power. All members of the national convention were republican, but total control over the Convention was fought for bitterly by the Girondists and the Mountain. Convicted and beheaded Louis XVI for treason. Deciding it was a good idea, they lead a "war against tyranny" against most of Europe.


 * // Equality, Liberty, Fraternity- //**// Liberte, egalite, fraternite- // The motto of France; liberty, equality, brotherhood.


 * Mountain- the political party of the nationl convention that sat in the highest seats in the convention chambers. **


 * Sans-Culottes- ** The "men without britches!" Common men stirred by the "Angry Men" into action against the National Convention. The Mountain took advantage of their dislike and started to give in to their demands to gain power from the people. Eventually the Mountain left the sans-culottes in the dust and they got angry at the government again.


 * Enragés-**

====**Committee of Public Safety**: the Committee – composed at first of nine, and later of twelve members – was given broad powers over military, judicial, and legislative efforts. Its power peaked under the leadership of Robespierre. Shared most of the responsibility for the planned economy ( allowable prices), the Reign of Terror, and the spread of nationalism. ====


 * Maximilien Robespiere**- One of the leaders, allong with Danton, of the Mountains. Led the third estate to prominence. Eventually his head got too big and he attempted to hold too much governmental sway. This massive head became an easy target for madame guillotine.


 * Louis Saint-Just**


 * Law of Maximum**


 * Lazare Carnot**


 * // Lévee en masse //**

**Reign of Terror**- Special courts responsible only to Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety were used to try "enemies of the nation" for political crimes. Ignoring normal legal procedures, some 40,000 men and women died to these rulings, and another 300,000 suspects were held in prison.


 * Law of Suspect **


 * Vendée **


 * Jacques Hébert, Hébertistes **


 * Cult of the Supreme Being **


 * “Temple of Reason”- ** Notre Dame during the revolution (no room for God, worship reason instead)


 * Thermidorian Reaction- This was a result of the Reign of Terror by Robespierre. The people revolted against the government while soon beheading many of the leaders, especially Robespierre. The disruption the Thermidorian Reaction caused made it easy for Napolean to take power because the French people just wanted a semblance of pease after the volatile years of the Revolution **


 * The Directory- ** The national convention created a new constitution. With this a new government was also created. The people became almost obsolete as the government was only five men chosen by electors chosen by electors chosen by the people. The end result was a dictatorship instead of a republic.


 * Conspiracy of Equals**


 * Coup d’Etat Brumaire**


 * Consulate Era**


 * plebiscite- similar to a vote. Occurred to allow Napoleon to take over with to support of people.**


 * Napoleon Bonaparte-** Napoleon was born in corsica to an impoverished noble family, and after fighting for corsican independance he went to france and quickly entered the military there. As he rose to prominence he won battles for the first and second coalitions. In 1799 he established a coup d'etate and declared himself the first consul of france. Five years later in 1804 the french senate declared Napoleon the emperor of France. He continually started and ended wars and gained an abundance of land for france. He also declared the Napoleonic code, which still has an effect on france today. Eventually Russia, Prussia, Great Britain and Austria came together to fight off Napoleon because he was gaining too much power and these four countries were known as the 4th coalition and the allies. They eventually beat Napoleon and had him sent to the island of elba, where they thought he would spend the rest of his life, while the old, gout riden Louis XVIII, but Napoleon managed to escape and he tried to regain his throne. that didnt work and he was then permanetly exiled to the island of Saint Helena off of the coast of africa and that is where he wrote multiple memoirs and supposedly died of Stomach cancer, but the cause of death is not certain.


 * Consulate Period-Time under Napoleon where Napoleon held role of First Consul.**


 * First Consul- This is what Napoleon called himself. This gave the idea that he wasnt the 'king' so people would not turn againt him. People believe the name meant that he shared power with with other consuls, but in reality he still had all the power. this idea came from ancient rome**


 * Napoleonic Code- "civil code of 1804" granted middle class equality under the law and safeguarded their rights to own property, confirmed the gains of peasants, centralized the government, strengthened the bureaucracy, granted amnesty to nobles, and he also signed the Corcordat of 1801, which granted freedom of worship for catholics**


 * Careers Open to Talent- similar to Peter the Great's Table of Ranks. Allowed people (particularly the wealthy) to move up in social status based on the skills they hold.**


 * Concordat of 1801**-agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius Vll. Pope gained free practice of religion for French Catholics while Napoleon got the power to nominate bishops, pay the clergy, and overal recieved significant influence over the Catholic church in France. This pleased not only Napoleon for the increase in power but the people who gained the right to practice Catholicism without consequence.


 * Bank of France- was a privately owned bank that loyally served interest of state and financial oligarchy. This was a very good idea because it ensured that money keeps a stable currency and now it gives France 'credit' so they can loan money out.**


 * War of the Second Coalition**

//Feb. 9, 1801, between the French Republic, and the Emperor and the Germanic Body.//
 * Treaty of Lunéville- Feburary 9, 1801. It was between the French Republic and the Emperor and the Germanic Body.**


 * Empire Period**


 * Grand Empire**: When France was enormous! and Napolean was in charge and called himself the Emperor.


 * War of the Third Coalition**


 * Battle of Trafalgar- fail on France's part. England's navy, lead by Lord Horatio Nelson, wiped out the French/Spanish navy, thus condemning Napoleon to control of only the land, and left England in charge of the seas.**


 * Lord Horatio Nelson**


 * Arc de Triomphe-**An enormous monument to commemorate Napoleon's victory at the battle of Austerlitz. The style imitated the ancient Roman arcs commissioned after great military victories. It stands at one end of the famous Champs-Élysées and is one of the most well-known French monuments. Today, the l'Arc de Triomphe is the location of the French Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.


 * Treaty of Tilsit**
 * Continental System**


 * Russian Campaign- worst mistake Napoleon ever made: getting into a land war in Asia (and trying to take over Russia in winter). His plan was to capture the king in Moscow and winter there, while "freeing" the peasents on the way there so they would rise up against the tsar with him. Unfortunately he underestimated the loyalty of the peasents, the military prowness of the tsar, and the cold of the Russian winter. Going into Russia with 600,000 troops he began his campaign, but was soon hindered by the peasents who would rather burn their crops and starve than help Napolean usurp the tsar. He ended up in Moscow, but the tsar fled into Siberia, so in anger, Napoleon burned it down. Bad choice number 2. Having to winter in Russia with no preparations or city means lots of people died. Napoleon hitailed it out of there as fast as he could and left the remainder of his army to retreat on their own. Only about 30,000 made it back alive and Napoleon's conquests were over with. Apparently this defeat was not a grandoise enough failure, though, because the Nazis tried the same thing in the 1940s. Russia: 2. Invading armies: 0.**
 * 4th Coalition**

“**First” Treaty of Paris, 1814- IT was between the representatives of the allies and France following the restoration of Louis XVIII.** Source: http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/france/paris1.htm
 * France retained her boundaries of 1792, representing 3,280 square miles more than those of 1790, including Avignon and the Venaissin, but surrendering the left bank of the Rhine, Belgium, and territory annexed or controlled in Italy, Germany, Holland and Switzerland.
 * France was allowed to retain the art treasures plundered by [|Napoleon] and the revolutionary armies
 * France was to be returned most of the colonies she had lost with the exception of Malta, Tobago, St Lucia and the Isle of France
 * Switzerland was to be independent
 * Holland and Belgium were to be united under the House of Orange as an independent state
 * Germany was to become a federation of independent states
 * Italy was to consist of several independent states apart from territory ceded to Austria
 * France promised Britain to abolish the slave trade
 * It was agreed that the final settlement of Europe was to be made at a Congress to be held shortly at [|Vienna]
 * Secret clauses. Without reference to France, the allies agreed that Austria should receive the territory of Venetia and the Kingdom of Sardinia would receive Genoa


 * Congress of Vienna**


 * Balance of Power-** England, Russia, Prussia, and Austria wanted to keep Napoleon and France from having such an incredible amount of power again, so they used the Congress to attempt to balance the power in Europe.


 * Hundred Days-** Napoleon escaped the Island of Elba and gained some support. He marched to Paris and caused Louis XVII to flee, but was defeated. again. This time he was sent to an island of the coast of nowhere so he couldn't escape and get back to Europe to take over France a third time. His comeback also caused the powers at be to deal harshly with France the second time around.


 * Battle of Waterloo- It was the battle that ended Napoleon's rule as emperor of France. He was defeated by the Duke of Wellington and Prussia's army.**


 * Duke of Wellington- A British general that defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo. He was also twice the prime minister of Britain.**


 * Alexander I-He was the Russian emperor during the time of the revolutionary war. he was unable to defeat Napoleon so he created the Treaty of Tilsit to end the war with France.**