Reformation

Please insert any relevant information, pictures, links, etc. that you find dealing with the Reformation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EGzHsye71c Wives of Henry VIII song :) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZ3AFZXXX-k&feature=related Martin Luther song :) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BegQ3WOgFhM&feature=related Elizabeth I song :)

Terms: ID the following terms. Include any and all information that you feel is relevant to the term. If possible identify any other IDs your term is related to.


 * Thomas More, Utopia** -model of a great Christian and someone all humanists wanted to visit. Written in 1516 by More, //Utopia// describes an ideal society where all children receive a good education, everyone is socially equal to the other, and adults spend their days engaged in manual labor/business and intellectual activities.


 * Francois Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel** -French humanist who wrote secular pieces. Rabelais wrote //Gargantua// and //Pantagruel.// Can be interpreted as a comic romance about a giant and his son, a satyr on contemporary French society, educational reform program, or a depiction of Rabelais's learning.


 * Michel De Montaigne, the essay** - A Christian humanist who made the way for skepticism. The essay was used as a tool to present multiple sides to an argument. He was concerned with understanding why he believed what he believed rather than accepting whatever he learned in the church.


 * William Shakespeare** - great actor, playwright in the Elizabethan court. wrote histories, comedies, and tragedies in the classic style with 5 acts.


 * Flemish Style** - style of art developed in Flanders. Emphasized realism, discreet symbolism, emotion, and psychological effects of art. Jan van Eyck was a Flemish style painter who perfected the use of oil paints.


 * Jan van Eyck** - was one of the first painters to use oil based paintings and perfects that particular type of painting.


 * Borsh** - Small town near Russia that was under western European control until the ottoman turks took it back in their reconquest of the Ottoman empire


 * Fugger Family** - A very wealthy family whom Archbishop Albert borrowed money from so he could hold multiple beneficies. Pope Leo X then allowed Albert to sell indulgences to repay them. This led to Martin Luther's 95 thesis on the Power of Indulgences


 * Simony** - The buying or selling of church positions or titles.


 * Pluralism** - The act of holding numerous church offices at one time; supposed to be forbidden by church, but corrupt and greedy members of the clergy received permission from the church to hold the offices; led to **absenteeism.**


 * Nepotism** - Jobs or positions (often political) bestowed on the basis of familial relationships, not actual qualifications.


 * Absenteeism** - Some members of the clergy never visited their churches; they hired lesser priests to take care of their duties and paid them a fraction of the salary they should receive.


 * Sale of indulgences** -Archbishop Albert borrowed money from the Fuggers to pay the papal dispensation for his several offices. In order to pay that debt back, Pope Leo XI allowed the selling of indulgences. Indulgences were years off of purgatory that a person could buy according to their sin. A certain sin was worth a certain amount of time in purgatory so once the indulgence was bought, a person was thought to be free and clear.


 * Clerical ignorance** - many members of the clergy did not receive the required education for ordination; priests merely mumbled Latin phrases they remembered, causing the newly-educated members of the church who knew Latin to laugh at them and lose some faith in the authority of the church. They also believed the north was better than Italy.


 * Martin Luther** - was an augustinian friar- launched the protestant reformation of the 16th century. was born in eisleben in saxony, went to the University of Wittenburg, vowed to become a friar and entered the monastery in 1505 and became a priest in 1507. Was against the sale of indulgences, and was excommunicated by pope. Leader of the Lutheran faith; believed in faith as a personal relationship between god and the individual, and that reading the Bible was important as it was the ultimate source of authority for the Christian faith (scripture alone was the deciding factor).


 * On Christian Liberty** - An article written by Luther to express reasons why people should break from the church in Rome. German peasants used selected quotations to support their violent revolt against the nobility.


 * 95 Thesis** -Letter to Archbishop in Latin regarding indulgences by Martin Luther. Argued that indulgences (get-out-of-purgatory-free cards) took away from the church, diminished importance of good works and competed with the preaching of the gospel. Not actually nailed by Luther to Wittenberg Castle's church doors.


 * On the Jews and Their Lies** - Anti-semitist statement by Martin Luther in 1543 urging Europeans to treat the Jewish people with extreme cruelty. Because the Jewish people refused to convert to Christianity (and because they did not believe in the teachings of the New Testament), Luther launched this verbal attack against them, demanding that the Jewish faith be completely eliminated. This outburst most likely influenced German antisemitism in the twentieth century. Don't forget the abundance of burning.


 * Against the Peasants** - 1525 statement by Martin Luther urging manorial lords to act sternly and violently to repress and punish rebelling peasants. Luther asserts that violence is justified in controlling the peasants, as it is for the greater good. Led to the death of over 750,000 peasants across Europe as the lords crushed the revolts.


 * Marriage and Celibacy** - Collection of statements by Martin Luther stating his views on marriage and women. (Compiled in 1566.) Luther stresses the necessity of unity in a good marriage, stating that both the man and the woman are integral to its success. Luther also asserts that clergymen should be allowed to marry because of the beneficial and purifying nature of the institution. Luther establishes that the place of a woman is in the home, and taking care of the home and the children is her primary task as a spouse.


 * Johann Tetzil** - sold indulgences in Germany during the time of Luther. Used the phrase, "Once a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory rings" to persuade laypeople to buy indulgences to lesson their own time in purgatory as well as time of friends and relatives.


 * Johann Eck** - debated Luther at Leipzig. Eck was a strong Catholic and strong debater.


 * “priesthood of all believers”** - the responsibility and right of every church member to preach the Christian faith to others.


 * Diet of Worms** - Emperor Charles V's first gathering of the estates in the Holy Roman Empire at Worms, where Martin Luther was called to appear. When Martin Luther was ordered to repeal his statements against the church, he refused. He was then named an outlaw by Charles V, denying him any protection, but was taken in by Duke Fredrick of Saxony.


 * Confessions of Augsburg** - Luther's outline on Lutheranism stating the tenants of the Lutheran belief, including that a person is saved by faith alone, the bible alone gives all authority, the church is the community of believers, and no one job makes a person holier than others.


 * Peasants’ War** -1524-1525 peasants' rebellion in Germany brought about by the Protestant Reformation which initially had the backing of Martin Luther. When Martin Luther turned on the peasants the uprising crumbled and an estimated 100,000 died. This would be the largest popular uprising in Europe until the French Revolution in 1789.


 * Hapsburg-Valois War** - War between the French Valois kings and the Hapsburg family that lasted between 1494-1559 that was intertwined with the Italian Wars.


 * Peace of Augsburg 1555** - Charles V initially denied two religions. However, in 1555 he recognized Lutheranism as a religion. It also resulted in princes determining what religion their subjects were. The peace ended 30 years of war against Lutheranism. However, it did not acknowledge any other religions such as Calvinism which was another prominent Protestant religion.


 * Anabaptists** -believed that infant baptism was wrong. word derived from greek- means to baptize again. no one liked them. they belived in separation of church and state, were not united from city to city. believed in non-violence. didn't allow members to hold public offices or serve in the military. didnt believe in holy trinity.


 * Mennonites** - modern day anabaptists


 * Quakers** - means "to tremble in the way of the lord". Took the anti-violence idea from the anabaptists, also known as the "Society of Friends"


 * Ulrich Zwingli** - introduced the reformation in switzerland, was elected the new priest of zurich, he announced the new pulpit in 1519, he preached from erasmus' new testament, he was convinced that christian life rested on the scriptures.


 * John Calvin** - Felt that god had called him to reform the church. first reformed Geneva, writes the institutes of the chirstian religion- he didnt believe in free will; the absolute sovereignty of god and humans fate was predestined before they are born. He writes the Genevan catechism. creates Calvinism which influence social thoughts and attitudes.


 * Institutes of the Christian Religion** - A book written by john calvin in 1536 and issued in 1559 that set down all of his religious beliefs and formed the basis of the Calvinistic Catechism, a later work that layed down all beliefs of Calvinsits.

//**Catechism**// - Written by John Calvin-explained //Apostle's Creed// in a question and answer format to make it easier for the common man to understand.


 * Predestination** - the Calvinistic idea that God predetermines every occurrence in our lives, and that he chooses who goes to heaven, and who does not.


 * Geneva** - "A city that was a church." John Calvin reorganized Geneva, Switzerland into a theocracy that was run by him and the Geneva Consistory (a group of 12 laymen and pastors) who watched over moral and everyday conduct of citizens. Calvin's theocracy drew reformists from all over the world who studied at Geneva then took what they learned and applied it to their own countries.


 * Michael Servetus** -Spanish humanist that gained international attention for his writings saying there was no Christian dogma of the Trinity. He was arrested by the Inquisition but managed to escape, then he foolishly continued his preachings to be arrested again. At trial he denied child baptism, a person could commit a sin under twenty, and scriptural basis for Trinity. Needless to say, he was burned at the stake.


 * Protestant work ethic** - stressed the value of hard work, thrift, and self discipline during the reformation. This is part of the reason why Protestantism, especially Calvinism, became prominent. The belief held that those who were successful in this lifetime were "saved." Helped influence the rise of capitalism.


 * John Knox** - A Scottish preacher who used his passionate sermons and fearless, single-minded nature to reform the church in Scotland starting 1559. He studied and worked in Geneva, the cradle of Calvinism, and was dedicated to reform teh church of scotland according to John Calvin's model. In 1560, he pursuaded the Scottish parlimant to enact legislation ending papal authority. After this, he established the presbytarian church of Scotland, thus ending the reformation in Scotland.


 * Presbyterianism** - A version of Christianity and the state church of Scotland in the 16th century. Presbytarin beliefs are based on those of the Puritans, but thier religion is run by Presbytarin ministers, not bishops, as in the Puritain and other christian religions.


 * Huguenots** - French Protestants that were massacred on St. Bartholomew's Day


 * Puritans** - a group derived from the protestants that sought purity, avoiding the worldly pleasures in any way possible.


 * English Reformation** - Separation of England from the Catholic Church while under the leadership of Henry VIII. Resulted in the formation of the Church of England (the Anglican Church).


 * William Tyndale** (1494-1536) - English reformer who wanted to translate the Bible into English. Charged with heresy for his views and fled to Germany where he succeeded in translating the New Testament in 1526. His writings reached England, became popular, and King Henry VIII (before he was protestant) felt threatened by him. Tyndale was betrayed into English hands, tried, and burned at the stake for heresy in Oct of 1536.


 * Henry VIII** - Kind of England who broke away from the church in order to get a divorce. Had six wives (divorced two, beheaded two, widowed by one, and remained married to the last for the remainder of his life).


 * The Act in Restraint of Appeals** -declared king the supreme sovereign in England and stopped judicial appeals to the pope. Thus making the king the highest authority in England.


 * The Act of Submission of the Clergy** - signed in 1534 by King Henry VIII of England. declared the king can and will alone make the laws of the Anglican church and required the clergy to take an oath of submission to the king.

1. Catherine of Aragon: mother of Bloody Mary (annulled) 2. Anne Boleynn: mother of Elizabeth I and supposed adulterer (beheaded) 3.Jane Seymour: gave birth to Henry VIII's only male heir, Edward (died, possibly due to birth complications) 4. Anne of Cleves: ugly women who only was married to Henry for a few months; became his "honorable sister" (anulled) 5. Catherine Howard: supposedly had an affair with Thomas Culpepper (beheaded) 6. Catherine Parr: the only wife he didn't get rid of! She wanted the royal family to appear close-knit; reconciled Henry and Mary
 * The Wives of Henry VIII** -


 * Thomas Cranmer** -Archbishop of Cannebury, advisor to Edward VI 1547-1553.


 * Church of England** - (Synonomous with the Anglican Church.) Established by King Henry VIII as a means to receive a divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. The church, although quite similar to the Roman Catholic Church based in the Vatican, remains an institution separate from the Catholic Church to this day.


 * Pilgrimage of Grace** -1536 in Northern England people of all classes come together to show their disapproval of the elimination of monasteries and conversion from Catholicism. It was the largest multiple-class rebellion in Europe.
 * Edward VI** -son of Henry VI and Jane Seymour. Due to his birth, his half sisters Mary and Elizabeth are declared illegitimate so he can be declared heir to the English throne. Started ruling at the age of 10 so he was surrounded by many advisors such as Thomas Cranmer. With Cranmer, he wrote Book of Common Prayer. Only ruled 6 years, 1547-1553, due to his death at age 16.


 * Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary”** - Daughter of Catherine of Aragon and King Henry VIII; Older half-sister of Elizabeth I; married her cousin King Phillip of Spain, a devout Catholic; known for her cruelty toward Protestants (hence the name "Bloody Mary"). Is rumored to have been crazy.


 * Elizabeth I** - Younger half sister of "Bloody Mary". Allowed two sides to religion: Catholicism and Puritanism. Whatever people chose, they had to stay quiet about their choice. Elizabeth made herself "Supreme Governor of Church of England, Etc." which gave her supremacy over the church.


 * Politique** -moderates of both Protestantism and Catholicism who wanted a strong monarchy in France to save the country from anarchy. Henry of Nates, later Henry IV, was a leader among the politique

1. required outward conformity to church of England 2. required church attendance, or were fined 3. Thirty Nine Articles: the basic tenants of the Church of England
 * Elizabethan Settlement** - laws that


 * Mary Stuart, Queen of the Scots** - rightful queen of Scotland; married the dauphin of France to become queen of France; attempted to take over British crown as well (bloodlines) but ended up beheaded by her cousin, Elizabeth I


 * Angela Merici, Ursuline order of Nuns** -In 1535 Angela Merici founded the Ursuline order of Nuns in order to combat heresy through Christian education. It was the first women's religious order concentrating on education young girls. The Ursulines wanted to re-Christianize society by training future wives and mothers.


 * Catholic Counter Reformation** -took so long to take effect because the majority of the popes were commiting the crime against the church and the effect of the conciliar movement was still going on.


 * Pope Paul III** - started the counter reformation


 * Council of Trent** -The council of Trent met intermittently from 1545 until 1563. They were not called only to reform the church but to secure agreements with Protestants, Lutherans, and Calvinists. The council dealt with doctrinal and disciplinary matters.


 * Jesuits** - a group of missionaries who traversed the continents in order to spread the word of Catholicism. They were very influential advisors to Catholic rulers and converted southern Germany back to the fold. Because of the Jesuits extensive education they were hired to educate upper-class children. They were so effective at converting and had such a large amount of power and influence the congregation was disbanded for a short time.


 * Ignatius Loyola** - Ex-Spanish soldier that was the founder of the Jesuits.


 * Spanish and Italian Inquisitions** - Spanish Inquisition: attempted removal of the Jewish faith from Spanish territories by Ferdinand and Isabella during the late 1400's and early 1500's. About 150,000 of some 200,000 Jews in communities throughout Spanish territories fled during the Inquisition.